Dr. sc. Relja Beck
Laboratorij za parazitologiju, Hrvatski veterinarski institut, Zagreb
Izlaganje sa Znanstveno-stručnog skupa
Izvor: Zbornik radova Veterinarski dani, Primošten, 2019.
Primjena molekularnih metoda također je omogućila bolje razumijevanje širenja uzročnika i razlikovanje zoonotskih izolata uzročnika te njihovih izvora kao i primjenu kontrolnih mjera. Iz perspektive sigurnosti hrane paraziti nisu imali, a nemaju niti sada, istu razinu pozornosti kao druge biološke i kemijske opasnosti koje se prenose hranom. Nedavno su Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija (WHO) i Organizacija za hranu i poljoprivredu (FAO) potvrdili značaj parazita prenosivih hranom izdavanjem knjige „Multicriteria – based ranking for risk magament of food-borne parasites“. Premda se u Hrvatskoj rijetko spominju paraziti u kontekstu „Jednog zdravlja“ oni zapravo predstavljaju model koncepta zbog svog specifičnog načina života.
Nakon prvog dokaza alveolarne ehinokokoze u pacijenta Republici Hrvatskoj iz Vukovara nedavno je dokazan i drugi slučaj sa područja Daruvara. Na oba područja dokazana je visoka učestalost u lisica koje predstavljaju i rezervoare trakavice Echinococcus multilocularis. Monitoringom na liniji klanja u posljednih pet godina nije dokazan niti jedan slučaj cisticerkoze svinja i goveda što dovodi u pitanje prisutnost trakavica T. solium i T. saginata u Hrvatskoj. Istovremeno su u divljih životinja dokazane druge zoonotske trakavice poput T. martis Za razliku od ličinki velikih trakavica u svinja su dokazane ciste Echinococcus canadiensis, a u goveda E. granulossus sensu stricto.
Giardije i kriptosporidije svrstane su skupinu parazita prenosivih hranom i vodom. U istraživanju provedenom na školjkašima dokazana je vrsta Cryptosporidium hominis i skupine A, B, C, D, i E bičaša Giardia duodenalis. Dobiveni nalaz jasno ukazuje na različite izvore invazija i samim time različitost rizik za ljudsko zdravlje. Anisakidi se redovito dokazaju u uvezenim, evisceriranim i zamrznutim ribama.
Na žalost, dijagnostika parazita u ljudi, posebice njihovih larvalnih stadija je složena, rezultati su često nespecifični, a za manje poznate parazite ne postoje ni komercijalno dostupni testovi. Paraziti prenosivi hranom predstavljaju vrlo važnu skupinu patogena unutar koncepta „Jednog zdravlja“ bez obzira što je njihov značaj još uvijek zapostavljen u Republici Hrvatskoj. U predavanju će biti prikazan značaj hranom prenosivih parazita i sadašnje stanje u Republici Hrvatskoj te novi rizici s obzirom na nove trendove proizvodnje i konzumiranja hrane.
Ključne riječi: hrana, paraziti, zoonoze, jedno zdravlje
New trends in food production – new risk from parasites
Relja Beck
T he life cycles of food borne parasites are complex and most often involve intermediate hosts where they multiply. Homo sapiens are species able to act as intermediate host in which parasites or their larval stages can cause acute and chronic forms of the disease, sometimes with a fatal outcome. The importance of food borne parasites is now underestimated, especially in “developed” countries, including the Republic of Croatia.The development of industrial food production has largely contributed to reducing the risk of human infection, but today’s changes in breeding methods, globalization, increase wildlife population and their protection, lack of borders within Europe, and the way food is prepared favour (re)emergence of parasites. The use of molecular methods has also enabled a better understanding of the pathogens’ ecology and the differentiation of zoonotic species/genotypes and the sources of infection, as well as the application of control measures. From a food safety perspective, parasites did not have, and do not have, the same level of attention as other food borne biological and chemical hazards. Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) highlighted the importance of food borne parasites by publishing the book “Multicriteria – based ranking for the risk magma of food borne parasites”. Although parasites are rarely mentioned in Croatia in the context of One Health, they actually represent a concept model because of their specific lifestyle.
After the first evidence of alveolar echinococcosis in a patient from Vukovar, a second case from the Daruvar area was recently proven. In both areas, a high prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes has been demonstrated.
Monitoring at the slaughter line in the last five years has not demonstrated a single case of swine and bovine cysticercosis, which raise question on the presence of Taenia solium and T. saginata in Croatia. At the same time, other zoonotic tapeworms such as T. martis have been demonstrated in wild animals.
Unlike larvae of larvae of large Taenia of, cysts of Echinococcus canadiensis have been demonstrated in pigs and E. granulossus sensu stricto in cattle.
Giardia and Cryptosporidium reperesnt two genera of protozoan parasites transmitted by food and water. In a study carried out on bivalve molluscs, the Cryptosporidium hominis and Assemblages A, B, C, D, and E of Giardia duodenalis were proved. The findings clearly indicate the different sources of invasions and thus the different risks to human health. Anisakidae are regularly present in imported, eviscerated and frozen fish.Unfortunately, the diagnosis of parasites in humans, especially of their larval stages is complex, the results are often non-specific, commercially available tests are lacking especially for neglected species of parasites. Food borne parasites represent important group of pathogens within the concept of One Health, regardless of the fact that their importance is still neglected in the Republic of Croatia. The lecture will show the importance of food transmitted parasites and the current situation in the Republic of Croatia, as well as new risks in view of new trends in food production and consumption.
Key words: food, parasites, zoonoses, One health
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