Gordan Kompes¹, Boris Habrun¹, Antonela Bagarić¹, Ivana Lohman Janković²
¹Hrvatski veterinarski institut, Laboratorij za opću bakteriologiju i mikologiju, ²Ministarstvo poljoprivrede, Uprava za veterinarstvo i sigurnost hrane
Izlaganje sa Znanstveno-stručnog skupa
Izvor: Zbornik radova Veterinarski dani, Primošten, 2019.
Provedbenom odlukom Europske komisije 2013/652/EU određeni su prioriteti za harmonizirano praćenje i prijavljivanje podataka o antimikrobnoj rezistenciji bakterija izdvojenih iz hrane i životinja. Na osnovu navedenih zakona, EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) je izradila tehničke specifikacije za praćenje i prijavu podataka o antimikrobnoj rezistenciji (EFSA Journal 2012; 10 (6): 2742). U tom dokumentu je točno opisano koje vrste mikroorganizama se izdvajaju i prate, u kojim vremenskim intervalima, iz kojih vrsta životinja se izdvajaju, mjesto i način uzorkovanja, te na kraju, način prijave podataka. Ulaskom u Europsku uniju Republika Hrvatska se obvezala preuzeti obvezu praćenja antimikrobne rezistencije i prijave podataka nadležnim tijelima Europske unije, te je prvi takav program započeo 2013. godine. U tom razdoblju, na razini Unije, još uvijek nije u potpunosti integrirana standardizacija. Prvi harmonizirani monitoring i prijava podataka započeo je 2014. godine. Stoga ćemo prikazati podatke antimikrobne rezistencije za Republiku Hrvatsku za razdoblje 2014. – 2018. godine. U tom razdoblju je u Laboratoriju za bakteriologiju i mikologiju Hrvatskog veterinarskog instituta, a na osnovu Programa propisanih od strane Ministarstva poljoprivrede, Uprave za veterinarstvo i sigurnost hrane, određena antimikrobna osjetljivost bakterija roda Salmonella, Campylobacter, bakterijskih vrsta indikatorske Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis / faecium, te bakterijske vrste Escherichia coli koja proizvodi ESBL i/ili AmpC i/ili karbapenemaze.
Programi praćenja antimikrobne rezistencije bakterija roda Salmonella izdvojenih iz brojlera i nesilica provodili su se 2014., 2015., 2016. i 2018. godine. U tom razdoblju jest kod bakterija roda Salmonella izdvojenih iz brojlera utvrđena vrlo velika rezistencija na ciprofloksacin i nalidiksičnu kiselinu. Ono što je zabrinjavajuće jest porast rezistencije u odnosu na 2014. – 2018. godinu (2014. – približno 65 %, 2018. – približno 90 %). Rezistencija na tetraciklin i sulfametoksazol bila je umjerena (15 % – 20 %). Kod bakterijskih izolata roda Salmonella izdvojenih iz nesilica utvrđena je umjerena rezistencija na ciprofloksacin i nalidiksičnu kiselinu (20 % – 30 %).
Tijekom 2016. i 2018. godine praćena je rezistencija bakterija roda Salmonella izdvojenih iz mesa brojlera, te je utvrđena izrazito velika rezistencija na ciprofloksacin i nalidiksičnu kiselinu (95 % – 100 %), te velika rezistencija na tetraciklin i sulfametoksazol (40 % – 50 %).
Antimikrobna rezistencija bakterija roda Salmonella izdvojenih iz cekuma i obrisaka trupova svinja i goveda praćena je tijekom 2015., 2016. i 2017. godine. Pri tom je utvrđena velika rezistencija bakterijskih izolata roda Salmonella izdvojenih iz svinja na ampicilin, sulfametoksazol i tetraciklin (50 % – 65 %), te umjerena rezistencija bakterijskih izolata roda Salmonella izdvojenih iz goveda na ampicilin, sulfametoksazol, tetraciklin i trimetoprim (25 % – 40 %).
Programi praćenja antimikrobne rezistencije bakterijskih vrsta Campylobacter jejuni i Campylobacter coli izdvojenih iz brojlera trajali su tijekom 2014., 2015., 2016. i 2018. godine, a kod onih izdvojenih iz goveda i svinja 2015., 2016. i 2017. godine.
Kod bakterijskih izolata roda Campylobacter izdvojenih iz sve tri životinjske vrste utvrđena je izrazito velika rezistencija na ciprofloksacin i nalidiksičnu kiselinu (60 % – 100 %). Velika rezistencija utvrđena je na tetraciklin kod izolata Campylobacter coli izdvojenih iz svinja (70 % – 100 %), dok je rezistencija na tetraciklin Campylobacter spp. izdvojenih iz goveda i brojlera bila umjerena (30 % – 50 %).
Antimikrobna rezistencija indikatorske Escherichia coli izdvojene iz cekuma brojlera određivana je 2014., 2015., 2016. i 2018. godine. Pri tom je utvrđena vrlo velika rezistencija na ciprofloksacin i nalidiksičnu kiselinu (80 % – 90 %), te velika rezistencija na ampicilin, tetraciklin, i sulfametoksazol (40 % – 60 %). Tijekom 2015., 2016. i 2017. godine određivana je antimikrobna rezistencija indikatorske Escherichia coli izdvojene iz cekuma goveda i svinja. Kod izolata izdvojenih iz svinja utvrđena velika rezistencija na tetraciklin (50 % – 60 %), te umjerena rezistencija na ampicilin, sulfametoksazol i trimetoprim (20 % – 40 %). Kod bakterijskih izolata indikatorske Escherichia coli izdvojenih iz cekuma goveda utvrđena je umjerena rezistencija na sulfametoksazol i tetraciklin (približno 30 %).
Indikatorske bakterije Enterococcus faecalis i Enterococcus faecium jesu pokazatelj razvoja antimikrobne rezistencije kod Gram – pozitivnih bakterija. Antimikrobna osjetljivost ovih bakterijskih vrsta ispitivana je kod brojlera tijekom 2014., 2015., 2016., i 2018 godine, te kod goveda i svinja tijekom 2015., 2016., i 2017. godine.
Kod bakterijskih izolata Enterococcus faecalis i Enterococcus faecium izdvojenih iz cekuma brojlera utvrđena je velika rezistencija na tetraciklin (60 % – 90 %), te umjerena rezistencija na eritromicin (40 % – 90 %). Kod bakterijskih izolata Enterococcus faecalis izdvojenih iz goveda utvrđena je umjerena rezistencija na tetraciklin (36 % – 43 %), dok je kod izolata bakterijske vrste Enterococcus faecium utvrđena velika rezistencija na kvinupristin / dalfopristin (56 % – 60 %). Kod bakterijskih izolata Enterococcus faecalis i Enterococcus faecium izdvojenih iz cekuma svinja utvrđena je velika rezistecija na tetraciklin (80 %), te umjerena rezistencija na eritromicin (35 % – 40 %).
Podaci za Escherichia coli koja proizvodi ESBL i/ili AmpC i / ili karbapenemaze prikazani su za 2016. godinu za izolate izdvojene iz cekuma i uzoraka mesa brojlera, te za 2017 godinu za izolate izdvojene iz cekuma i uzoraka mesa goveda i svinja.
Prevalencija Escherichia coli koja proizvodi ESBL i/ili AmpC i / ili karbapenemaze iz uzoraka cekuma i mesa brojlera iznosila je 47 % za uzorke mesa, te 55 % za uzorke cekuma. Kod goveda je prevalencija za uzorke mesa izosila 2,5 %, dok je za uzorke cekuma bila 19,8 %. Kod uzoraka podrijetlom iz mesa i cekuma svinja prevalencija Escherichia coli koja proizvodi ESBL i/ili AmpC i / ili karbapenemaze iznosila je 5,8 % za uzorke mesa, te 51,1 % za uzorke cekuma.
Antimicrobial resistance Situation in the Republic of Croatia – Veterinary medicine
Gordan Kompes, Boris Habrun, Atonela Bagarić, Ivana Lohman Janković
A ccording to Directive 2003/99/EC on the monitoring of zoonoses and zoonotic agents, Member States are obliged to monitor and report antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella and Campylobacter isolates obtained from healthy food-producing animals and from food. Commission Implementing Decision 2013/652/EU of 12 November 2013 sets up priorities for the monitoring of AMR from a public health perspective, drafts a list of combinations of bacterial species, food-producing animal populations and foodstuffs and lays down detailed requirements on the harmonised monitoring and reporting of AMR in food-producing animals and food.Based on the mentioned laws, EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) has developed technical specifications for monitoring and reporting antimicrobial resistance data (EFSA Journal 2012; 10 (6): 2742). That document describes precisely what types of micro-organisms are isolated and monitored, at what time intervals, from what species of animals are isolated, location and method of sampling, and finally, the method for data reporting. By joining the European Union, the Republic of Croatia has committed itself to undertake the obligation to monitor antimicrobial resistance and report data to the competent authorities of the European Union. Firs program of monitoring antimicrobial resistance started in 2013. At that time, at EU level, standardization was still not fully integrated. The first harmonized monitoring and reporting of data began in 2014. Therefore, we will present antimicrobial resistance data for the Republic of Croatia for the period 2014-2018.
In this period, Laboratory for Bacteriology and Mycology of the Croatian Veterinary Institute, based on the Program prescribed by the Ministry of Agriculture, made antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., bacterial species of indicator Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis / faecium, and Escherichia coli which produce ESBL and / or AmpC and / or carbapenemases.
Antimicrobial resistance monitoring programs for Salmonella spp. strains isolated from broilers and laying hens were carried out in 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2018.
During this period very high resistance to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid was found in bacteria of the Salmonella spp. isolated from broilers. Worrying fact is the increase in resistance compared 2014 to 2018 (2014 – approximately 65% of the resistant strains, 2018 – approximately 90% of resistant strains). Tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole resistance was moderate (15% – 20%). A moderate resistance to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid (20% – 30%) was found in bacterial isolates of the Salmonella spp. isolated from laying hens. In 2016 and 2018, the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. isolated from broiler meat was monitored.
Extremely high resistance to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid (95% – 100%), and high resistance to tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole (40% – 50%) was observed.
Antimicrobial resistance Salmonella spp. isolates from the caecum and swabs of carcasses of pigs and cattle was monitored during 2015, 2016 and 2017. High resistance of Salmonella spp. isolates isolated from pigs to ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline (50% – 65%) was found, and moderate resistance of Salmonella spp. isolates isolated from bovine animals to ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and trimethoprim (25 % – 40 %).Antimicrobial resistance monitoring programs for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from broilers were conducted in 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2018, and for cattle and pigs in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively. In bacterial isolates of the genus Campylobacter isolated from all three animal species, high resistance to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid (60% – 100%) was found. High resistance to tetracycline was detected in Campylobacter coli isolates isolated from pigs (70% – 100%), whereas resistance of Campylobacter spp. isolates isolated from bovines and broilers to tetracycline was moderate (30% – 50%).
Antimicrobial resistance of indicator Escherichia coli isolated from cecum of broilers was determined in 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2018. Very high resistance to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid (80% – 90%) and high resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole (40% – 60%) were found. During 2015, 2016 and 2017, the antimicrobial resistance of indicator Escherichia coli isolated from bovine and porcine caecum was determined. High resistance to tetracycline (50% – 60%) and moderate resistance to ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (20% – 40%) were found in isolates isolated from pigs. Moderate resistance to sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline (approximately 30%) was found in bacterial isolates of indicator Escherichia coli isolated from bovine cecum.
The indicator bacteria Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are an indicators for antimicrobial resistance in Gram-positive bacteria. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing of these bacterial species was made in broilers during 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2018, and in cattle and pigs during 2015, 2016, and 2017.
Bacterial isolates of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from broiler cecum showed high resistance to tetracycline (60% – 90%) and moderate resistance to erythromycin (40% – 90%). Moderate resistance to tetracycline (36% – 43%) was found in Enterococcus faecalis bacterial isolates, whereas high resistance to quinupristin / dalfopristin (56% – 60%) was found Enterococcus faecium isolates isolated from bovine. Bacterial isolates of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from pigs caecum showed high resistance to tetracycline (80%) and moderate resistance to erythromycin (35% – 40%).
Data for Escherichia coli producing ESBL and / or AmpC and / or carbapenemases are presented for 2016 for isolates isolated from broiler cecum and broiler meat samples, and for 2017 for isolates isolated from cecum and meat samples of cattle and pigs.
The prevalence of Escherichia coli strains which produce ESBL and / or AmpC and / or carbapenemases from broiler cecum and broiler meat samples was 47% from meat samples and 55% from cecum samples. In cattle, the prevalence from meat samples was 2.5%, while from cecum samples it was 19.8%. Prevalence of Escherichia coli producing ESBL and / or AmpC and / or carbapenemase was 5.8% from pig meat samples and 51.1% from pig caecum samples.
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