Mjere za prevenciju izbijanja afričke kuge svinja u Srbiji

Tamaš Petrović¹, Jasna Prodanov-Radulović¹, Vladimir Polaček¹, Sava Lazić¹, Boban Đurić²
¹Naučni institut za veterinarstvo „Novi Sad“, Novi Sad, Republika Srbija, ²Uprava za veterinu, Ministarstvo poljoprivrede šumarstva i vodoprivrede, Beograd, Republika Srbija
E-mail: tomy@niv.ns.ac.rs

Izlaganje sa simpozija HAZU

Afrička svinjska kuga – stanje i izazovi

Izvor: Knjiga sažetaka simpozija “Afrička svinjska kuga – stanje i izazovi”

Afrička kuga svinja (AKS) je virusna zarazna bolest domaćih i divljih svinja. Od 2007. godine, kada je prijavljena prva epidemija u Gruziji, AKS se konstantno širi u jugoistočnoj Evropi, ali u skorašnjem periodu i u centralnom, zapadnom i južnom delu Evrope. Do danas je ukupno 16 zemalja Evrope zvanično potvrdilo prisustvo virusa afričke kuge svinja (ASFV). S obzirom da trenutno ne postoji efikasna vakcina niti lečenje, najbolja strategija protiv AKS za zemlje ili zone koje su još uvek slobodne od bolesti je sprečavanje unosa virusa putem bolje kontrole granica, podizanjem svesti među držaocima svinja, veterinarima na terenu, lovcima i vlasnicima lovišta, kao i svim građanima, zatim putem poboljšanja mera biosigurnosti na farmama svinja, ali i strogom zabranom ishrane svinja pomijama i kontinuiranog sakupljanja i bezopasnog uništavanja namirnica koje se ilegalno prevoze preko granica (putem automobila, kamiona, aviona, brodova, …). Sprečavanje širenja bolesti smanjenjem populacije divljih svinja i ograničavanja njihovog kretanja, takođe su jedna od najčešće korišćenih mera u pogođenim zemljama, ali i u zemljama pod visokim rizikom od izbijanja AKS. Pored toga, rano otkrivanje prisustva bolesti / virusa i brz odgovor na pojavu epizootije u smislu ograničenja kretanja životinja, otpada, stajnjaka, vozila itd., kao i primena brze metode „stamping out“ u zaraženom dvorištu svinja / zoni je presudan u sprečavanju širenja AKS.

Imajući u vidu da je tokom 2017. i 2018. godine potvrđeno prisustvo ASFV u susednim zemljama Republike Srbije (Rumunija 2017. god., Mađarska, Rumunija i Bugarska 2018. god., a 2019. godine u Rumuniji u okolini Arada i Temišvara (Barna) – oko 50 km od Srbije) može se reći da je epizootiološka situacija na početku 2019. godine izuzetno nepovoljna. Imajući to u vidu, Uprava za veterinu Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede je od leta 2017. godine naložila implementaciju niza preventivnih i kontrolnih mera koje će se primenjivati u zemlji, ali i na graničnim prelazima. Formirana je posebna stručna grupa za AKS, Nacionalni krizni centar i Tim za donošenje odluka za praćenje kretanja, prevenciju i kontrolu AKS (1. avgust 2017. godine). Istovremeno je postavljen i poseban e-mail nalog (Google disk) kako bi se omogućila stalna i pravovremena elektronska komunikacija između članova gore navedenih grupa. Od 2. avgusta 2017. godine do danas se na javno dostupnoj veb stranici Uprave za veterinu mogu naći ažurirani podaci o širenju AKS u istočnoj i centralnoj Evropi.

Uprava za veterinu je naložila zabranu uvoza i tranzita iz Rumunije preko ili u Republiku Srbiju sljedećih pošiljki (službeno pismo Upravi carina od 3. avgusta 2017.): zabrana uvoza svinja, divljih svinja, sperme i embriona svinja, mesa i mesnih prerađevina svinja i divljih svinja sa izuzetkom toplotno obrađenog mesa (Fo vrednost 3 i više), koža svinja i divljih svinja, sporednih proizvoda životinjskog porijekla i sl. Sve službene naredbe i uputstva vezana za AKS su poslata na sve granične prelaze prema Rumuniji (carinskoj administraciji), do aerodroma “Nikola Tesla” u Beogradu i aerodroma u Nišu, kao i svih rečnih luka. Kasnije su se ove mere odnosile i na druge zemlje sa potvrđenom AKS. Takođe, tokom 2017. i 2018. godine održani su informativni i edukativni sastanci sa veterinarskom službom i veterinarskom inspekcijom u svim epizootiološkim jedinicama države. Informacije o širenju AKS saopštavane su javnosti putem javnih medija (TV, radio stanice), ali su informacije deljene na edukativnim sastancima i sa poljoprivrednicima, lovcima i svim subjektima koji su uključeni u proizvodnju svinja. Članovi stručne grupe su tokom 2017. godine izradili posebne informativne plakate i letke na nekoliko jezika kako bi informisali sve putnike na graničnim prelazima o opasnim namirnicama i potrebi da se isključe ovi prehrambeni artikli iz njihovog prtljaga, ali i informativni letci za farmere i lovce.

Sprovedena je epizootiološka i zdravstvena kontrola svih farmi svinja u graničnom području sa Rumunijom tokom 2017. godine (skorije i sa Bugarskom i Mađarskom), a ista je posebno intenzivirana tokom 2018. i 2019. godine. Tokom poslednje sezone lova intenziviran je pasivni i aktivni nadzor nad uginulim i izlovljenim divljim svinjama. Pored toga, preventivno smanjenje populacije divljih svinja na biološki minimum sprovedeno je u svim lovištima koja se graniče sa Rumunijom i Bugarskom. Sprovedena je analiza rizika da bi se procenio mogući rizik od unošenja bolesti iz susednih zaraženih zemalja. Posebna forma veterinarskog priručnika o AKS je napisana na srpskom jeziku kako bi se pružile najnovije informacije o bolesti. U cilju podizanja svesti, organizovan je niz predavanja za sve relevantne subjekte (veterinari, uzgajivači svinja, lovci) u svim okruzima u državi. U analizi rizika, identifikovani su različiti pravci ili događaji koji bi mogli dovesti do unosa AKS u Srbiju. Kao najznačajniji rizici izdvojeni su: navike ljudi koji žive u pograničnim područjima, zaraženo meso ili mesni proizvodi i ugostiteljski otpad iz međunarodnog transporta. Za slučaj najgoreg mogućeg scenarija (izbijanje AKS), kao značajni faktori rizika su prepoznati pojedini postojeći tipovi gazdinstava sa svinjama (dvorišni i način držanja svinja na otvorenom) i nizak nivo biosigurnosti u određenom broju komercijalnih farmi svinja. U slučaju izbijanja bolesti, dvorišni način držanja svinja bi mogao predstavljati potencijalni rizik za dalje širenje bolesti od divljih svinja do komercijalnih farmi svinja. Utvrđene ključne preventivne mere za zaštitu populacije svinja od AKS u Srbiji su: poboljšanje postojeće biosigurnosti na farmama svinja, obezbeđivanje spremnosti i osposobljenosti veterinarske službe i dijagnostičkih laboratorija za ranu detekciju prisustva i brzi odgovor u merama kontrole pri izbijanju bolesti, kao i efikasne i ciljane informacije o riziku od bolesti (aktivna kampanja podizanja svesti).

Ključne riječi: afrička kuga svinja, prevencija i kontrola, Srbija

Zahvalnica: Ovaj rad je podržan od strane Uprave za veterinu Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede, a deo je istraživanja po projektu TR31084 Ministarstva prosvete, nauke i tehnološkog razvoja Republike Srbije

Measures for the prevention of the outbreak of African swine fever in Serbia

Tamaš Petrović¹, Jasna Prodanov-Radulović¹, Vladimir Polaček¹, Sava Lazić¹, Boban Đurić²
¹Scientific Veterinary Institute „Novi Sad“, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia, ²Veterinary Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
E-mail: tomy@niv.ns.ac.rs

African swine fever (ASF) is a viral, contagious disease of domestic pigs and wild boars. Since 2007, when the first outbreak was reported in Georgia, ASF is constantly spreading firstly through south-eastern Europe, but now also in central, western and south parts of Europe.
Until today, in total 16 countries in Europe officially confirmed the presence of the African swine fever virus (ASFV). Since there is currently no effective vaccine or treatment, the best strategy against ASF for countries or zones that are still free of disease is to prevent viral entry through improved border control, through raising of awareness among pig holders, field veterinarians, hunters and hunting ground owners, as well among all citizens, through improvement of biosecurity measures in pig farms, but also through strict restriction of swill feeding and continuous collection and harmless destruction of food items illegally transported through borders (from cars, trucks, airplanes, ships, …). Preventing the spread of disease by reduction of wild boars population and their movement, are also one of the usually used measures in affected countries, but also in countries under the high risk of ASF introduction.
In addition, an early detection of disease/virus presence, and quick response in outbreak occurrence in a sense of movement restriction of animals, waste, manure, vehicles etc., and implementation of fast “stamping out” method in infected pig holding/zone is crucial in preventing the spread of ASF.

Having in mind that in 2017 and 2018 the presence of ASFV was confirmed in neighbouring countries of the Republic of Serbia (2017 Romania, 2018 Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria, in 2019 Romania in Arad and Timisoara (Barna) surroundings – about 50 km from Serbia border), it can be said that the epizootic situation at the beginning of 2019 is extremely unfavourable. Having this in mind, from summer 2017 the Veterinary Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management ordered the implementation a set of preventive and control measures to be applied in the country but also at border crossings. The special Expert Group for ASF, National Crisis Center and Decision-making Team for movement tracking, prevention and control of ASF were established (1 st of August 2017). At the same time, the special email account (Google disk) has been set up in order to enable immediately electronic communication between the members of above mentioned groups. From August 2nd 2017 until today on the publicly available website of the Veterinary Directorate the update information about the ASF spreading in eastern and central Europe can be found.

The Veterinary Directorate introduced the prohibition of import and transit of the following consignments from Romania through or in the Republic of Serbia (an official letter to the Customs administration on August 3^rd 2017): The ban of importation of pigs, wild boars, semen and embryos, meat and meat products with the exception of heat treated meat (Fo value 3 and more), pig and wild boar skins, side products of animal origin etc. All official orders and instructions about ASF were sent to all border crossings to Romania (Customs Administration), to the airport “Nikola Tesla” in Belgrade and the airport in Nis, and in all river ports. Later on this measures implied to other countries with confirmed ASF. Also, during 2017 and 2018 the informative and educational meetings with veterinary service and veterinary inspections were held in every epizootiological unit of the country. The information about ASF spreading was shared with public media (TV, radio stations), but also with farmers, hunters and all subject involved in pig production. The members of Expert Group during 2017 produced special informative posters and leaflets in several languages in order to inform all passengers at border crossings about dangerous food items and the necessity to exclude those food items from their baggage’s, but also informative leaflets for farmers and hunters.

Executed epizootiological and health control of all swine farms in boarding area with Romania (nowadays also Bulgaria and Hungary) were introduced during 2017 and especially intensified during 2018 and 2019. The passive and active surveillance of dead and hunted wild boars was intensified during the last hunting season. In addition, preventive reduction of wild boar population to biological minimum was implemented in all hunting grounds bordering with Romania and Bulgaria. The risk analysis was conducted to assess the possible risk of disease introduction from neighbouring, infected country. The special form of Veterinarian Manual about ASF was written in Serbian in order to provide the latest information about disease.

In order to increase awareness, the series of lectures for all involved subjects (veterinarians, breeders, hunters) was organized in all country districts. In the risk profile, different routes or events which could lead to ASF entering country were identified. The recognized as most important ones are: habits of people living in border areas, infected meat or meat product, catering waste from international transport. In the event of a worst-case scenario (ASF outbreak), the existing types of pig holdings (backyards and free-range) and low level of biosecurity in certain number of commercial pig holdings were recognized as a significant risk factor. In the case of outbreak, the backyard pig operations might be a potential risk for further spread of diseases from wild boar to commercial pig holdings. The identified key preventive measures to protect swine population from ASF in Serbia are: the improvement of existing biosecurity on pig farms, ensuring the readiness and capability of veterinary services and diagnostic laboratories for early detection and quick response of control measures in outbreak occurrence, and effective and aimed information on the disease risk (active awareness campaign).

Keywords: African swine fever, prevention and control, Serbia

Acknowledgments: This work was supported by Veterinary Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management, and by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, grant TR31084.

Measures for the prevention of the outbreak of African swine fever in Serbia

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