Emerging and Neglected Viruses of Zoonotic Importance in Croatia
Tatjana Vilibić-Čavlek1,2*, Ljubo Barbić3, Anna Mrzljak2,4, Dragan Brnić5, Ana Klobučar6, Maja Ilić7, Nataša Janev-Holcer8, Maja Bogdanić1, Lorena Jemeršić5, Vladimir Stevanović3, Irena Tabain10, Stjepan Krčmar9, Marko Vucelja10, Jelena Prpić5, Marko Boljfetić10, Pavle Jeličić8, Josip Madić3, Ivana Ferenčak1 and Vladimir Savić11
1Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, 2School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, 3Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, 4Department of Medicine, Merkur University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, 5Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, 6Department of Epidemiology, Andrija Stampar Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, 7Department of Epidemiology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, 8Environmental Health Department, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, 9Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia, 10Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, 11Poultry Center, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; *autor za korespodenciju
Posljednjih se godina u Hrvatskoj pojavilo nekoliko arbovirusa.
Krpeljni encefalitis endemičan je u kontinentalnim županijama; međutim, otkrivena su nova prirodna mikro-žarišta.
Dva su autohtona slučaja dengue zabilježena 2010. godine.
Virus Zapadnog Nila pojavio se 2012. godine, nakon čega je uslijedila pojava Usutu virusa 2013. godine.
Iako su među stanovnicima hrvatskog primorja dokazane visoke stope seroprevalencije na Toscana virus, ovaj je virus i dalje zanemaren, sa samo nekoliko zabilježenih kliničkih slučajeva neuroinvazivnih infekcija.
Virus limfocitnog koriomeningitisa je zanemareni neuroinvazivni virus koji se prenosi glodavcima. Zasad nema izvješća o kliničkim slučajevima kod ljudi; međutim, studije seroprevalencije ukazuju na prisutnost virusa u kontinentalnom području.
Puumala i Dobrava hantavirusi su široko rasprostranjeni virusi koje prenose glodavci, uz sporadično i epidemijsko pojavljivanje.
Virus hepatitisa E je emergentni virus koji se prenosi hranom. Nakon prvog opisanog slučaja 2012. godine, ove se infekcije redovito bilježe na području Hrvatske. Seropozitivnost se uvelike razlikuje ovisno o regiji i populacijskoj skupini.
Rotavirusi predstavljaju značajan zdravstveni problem budući da cijepljenje protiv rotavirusa nije uključeno u hrvatski nacionalni program cijepljenja. Osim toga, rotavirusi su široko rasprostranjeni u ekosustavu Hrvatske.
Novi koronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, pojavio se u veljači 2020. godine i brzo se proširio cijelom zemljom.
Ovaj se pregled usredotočuje na nove i zanemarene viruse od zoonotskog značaja dokazane na području Hrvatske.
Several arboviruses have emerged in Croatia in recent years. Tick-borne encephalitis is endemic in continental counties; however, new natural micro-foci have been detected. Two autochthonous dengue cases were reported in 2010. West Nile virus emerged in 2012, followed by emergence of Usutu virus in 2013. Although high seroprevalence rates of Toscana virus have been detected among residents of Croatian littoral, the virus remains neglected, with only a few clinical cases of neuroinvasive infections reported. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is a neglected neuroinvasive rodent-borne virus. So far, there are no reports on human clinical cases; however, the seroprevalence studies indicate the virus presence in the Croatian mainland. Puumala and Dobrava hantaviruses are widely distributing rodent-borne viruses with sporadic and epidemic occurrence. Hepatitis E virus is an emerging food-borne virus in Croatia. After the emergence in 2012, cases were regularly recorded. Seropositivity varies greatly by region and population group. Rotaviruses represent a significant healthcare burden since rotavirus vaccination is not included in the Croatian national immunization program. Additionally, rotaviruses are widely distributed in the Croatian ecosystem. A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, emerged in February 2020 and spread rapidly throughout the country. This review focuses on emerging and neglected viruses of zoonotic importance detected in Croatia.